![]() DUMAND stands for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector. The first underwater neutrino telescope began as the DUMAND project. The first generation of undersea neutrino telescope projects began with the proposal by Moisey Markov in 1960 ".to install detectors deep in a lake or a sea and to determine the location of charged particles with the help of Cherenkov radiation." Davis, along with Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba were jointly awarded half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos (the other half went to Riccardo Giacconi for corresponding pioneering contributions which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources)." Bahcall successfully detected the first solar neutrinos in the Homestake experiment. Although the KGF group detected neutrino candidates two months later than Reines CWI, they were given formal priority due to publishing their findings two weeks earlier. The other was a Bombay-Osaka-Durham collaboration that operated in the Indian Kolar Gold Field mine at an equivalent water depth of 7.5 km. One was led by Frederick Reines who operated a liquid scintillator - the Case-Witwatersrand-Irvine or CWI detector - in the East Rand gold mine in South Africa at an 8.8 km water depth equivalent. This was followed by the first atmospheric neutrino detection in 1965 by two groups almost simultaneously. Their discovery was acknowledged with a Nobel Prize for physics in 1995. Neutrinos were first recorded in 1956 by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in an experiment employing a nearby nuclear reactor as a neutrino source.
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